Built heritage faces increasing pressures and threats from development and change in the contemporary world,a situation that frequently results in compromise or loss of historic fabric and its associated values....Built heritage faces increasing pressures and threats from development and change in the contemporary world,a situation that frequently results in compromise or loss of historic fabric and its associated values.This paper examines how Heritage Impact Assessment(HIA)methodology specifically addresses and mitigates threats to built heritage within an overall sustainable development framework.The methodology will be explained and examples will be given from across Asia of HIA applications to the urban and rural built environment to illustrate how this can be achieved.These case studies reflect a variety of ways in which development and heritage come into conflict and have been selected to show how versatile and adaptable HIA can be as a tool for finding balance and solutions.HIA is an approach rooted in a balanced and sustainable relationship between‘the needs of the present and future generations and the legacy from the past’(UNESCO 2011).The paper also illuminates some of the basic assumptions on which HIA functions and some of the contradictions that often arise when the methodology is applied to real world problems.展开更多
Shanghai is among the most dynamic global cities of both the 20^(th) and 21^(st) centuries.The city is China’s gateway to the world and its aspirations for the future.With more than 24 million people,40 percent of wh...Shanghai is among the most dynamic global cities of both the 20^(th) and 21^(st) centuries.The city is China’s gateway to the world and its aspirations for the future.With more than 24 million people,40 percent of whom are migrants,it is a global crossroads and one of the most multicultural cities in the world.It has more skyscrapers than New York and a public transport system that overtakes most global cities.Shanghai is a trading city,an entrepot of commodities.It exports electronic information products,automobiles,petrochemicals,fine steel,equipment,and bio-medicine.It has the highest GDP of any city in China’s mainland and has become one of the leading financial sectors in East Asia.展开更多
Cultural heritage in Chinese qiaoxiang is constructed where Chinese and foreign cultures gather,connecting overseas Chinese with their country of origin.However,conficts concerning this type of heritage comes out freq...Cultural heritage in Chinese qiaoxiang is constructed where Chinese and foreign cultures gather,connecting overseas Chinese with their country of origin.However,conficts concerning this type of heritage comes out frequently,such as house reconstruction clash,host-guest conficts and destructive competition in heritage tourism.The economic and cultural duality of heritage is perceived as the source of intrinsic contestation in heritage tourism,and conficts related to diferent types of heritage may take on diferent appearances and causes.Extant tourism studies have generalised cultural heritage in Chinese qiaoxiang,neglecting the unique characteristics of the diaspora and their corresponding infuence on heritage protection and utilisation,that makes the reasons for these conficts remain unclear.By answering the basic question of what heritage is,this research proposes an analytical framework to understand the intrinsic contestation of cultural heritage tourism in Chinese qiaoxiang.The paper points out that the contradiction between‘ancestral root culture’and modernity and between fow and stillness is the trigger for intrinsic contestation.The paper also summarises the core issues in conficts that need further discussion by answering the questions of‘what is heritage’,‘whose heritage’and‘how to interpret heritage’.The core issues include heritage selection and identifcation,the commercialisation of‘home’,heritage interpretation and so on.展开更多
Tis fne book begins with a speech from French President Emmanuel Macron,who appeals for the returning of Africa cultural heritage from European museums to their places of origin,posing the long-standing question of wh...Tis fne book begins with a speech from French President Emmanuel Macron,who appeals for the returning of Africa cultural heritage from European museums to their places of origin,posing the long-standing question of who owns heritage.Tis is the tip of the iceberg of a broader discussion about the role of museums in critical heritage studies,which suggests to refect on their new defnition,bringing together a number of issues such as culture identity,cultural amnesia,cultural alienation and culture discourses for political goals.Against this backdrop,the fve chapters in this book address the distinction between cultural heritage and cultural property,illustrating diferent rationalities of government mobilising a number of global cases.展开更多
This paper analyses the decorative polychrome painting of architectural members(caihua)that has survived in the Hall of Mental Cultivation(Yangxindian)in the Forbidden City,Beijing.Beginning with the Yongzheng e...This paper analyses the decorative polychrome painting of architectural members(caihua)that has survived in the Hall of Mental Cultivation(Yangxindian)in the Forbidden City,Beijing.Beginning with the Yongzheng emperor,the Hall of Mental Cultivation was the residence and centre of daily governance for Chinese emperors.Combining information gained through on-site surveys and scaled drawings executed during a recent conservation project with evidence from historical records and other sources,this study finds that the remaining decorative polychrome painting can be dated to four different historical phases:the reign of the Jiajing emperor;the late Ming and early Qing dynasties;the reign of the Qianlong emperor;and the late Qing Dynasty and beginning of the Republic of China.It reveals that the designs of decorative polychrome painting on architectural members are closely related to changes in the functions of the buildings and imperial use.As part of an investigative conservation project,the study aims to provide a reliable basis for the conservation and repair work in the next step.展开更多
Iran,located in one of the most earthquake-prone regions of the world,has experienced a very large number of destructive earthquakes that brought about considerable loss of human life and economic consequences.The cou...Iran,located in one of the most earthquake-prone regions of the world,has experienced a very large number of destructive earthquakes that brought about considerable loss of human life and economic consequences.The coun‑try possesses a vast number of monumental and vernacular built heritages that are constantly threatened by earth‑quakes.As vernacular techniques for dwellings comply with the needs,comfort,utility,and functionality of people,it is expected that endemic earthquake-resistant techniques make an essential contribution to Iranian vernacular archi‑tecture.The city of Yazd presents a unique and rich vernacular for earthen construction within Iranian architectural heritage,which has resulted in the recognition of the historic fabric of the city as a World Heritage Site since 2017.Considering the importance of exploring diferent local seismic cultures worldwide,this paper introduces an essential part of Iranian local seismic culture by recognising and classifying the vernacular earthquake-resistant techniques used in the earthen architecture of the city of Yazd.The techniques were collected by surveying the historic fabric,using data available in the literature,and interviewing traditional builders and local conservators.Next,the seismic infuence of each technique was evaluated using examples from the performance of adobe constructions during the 2003 Bam earthquake.展开更多
Since the 1980s,China has undergone a series of important changes including industrial restructuring,land transfer,and urbanisation.These have given rise to the issue of how to address industrial heritage within many ...Since the 1980s,China has undergone a series of important changes including industrial restructuring,land transfer,and urbanisation.These have given rise to the issue of how to address industrial heritage within many cities.The author’s research team has undertaken a National Social Science’s Major Project(the highest level of Chinese national social science research)titled‘Systematic Research on the Protection of Urban Industrial Heritage in Modern China’.This is the first nationwide and systematic study of industrial heritage in China.This paper provides a brief introduction to the study’s framework and current research achievements,including:(1)the study of industrial modernisation processes,including international perspectives;(2)industrial heritage information acquisition and database setup;(3)estimation of industrial heritage value;(4)studies of the planning and design strategy of industrial heritage reutilisation;and(5)the transition from industrial heritage conservation to the development of a cultural industry.展开更多
Heritage Conservation in Postcolonial India.Approaches and Challenges,edited by Manish Chalana and Ashima Krishna,is very rich,and counts thirteenth different con-tributors among urban and architectural conservationis...Heritage Conservation in Postcolonial India.Approaches and Challenges,edited by Manish Chalana and Ashima Krishna,is very rich,and counts thirteenth different con-tributors among urban and architectural conservationists,urban and historic preservation plan-ners,landscape designers and architects,social entrepre-neurs,experts in cultural heritage from universities,social and research institutions.展开更多
Since the reform and opening-up policy of 1978,China has established the double-track inventory system of rural heritage preservation to cope with the impact of rapid urbanisation on rural areas.This paper analy...Since the reform and opening-up policy of 1978,China has established the double-track inventory system of rural heritage preservation to cope with the impact of rapid urbanisation on rural areas.This paper analyses the evolution in the concept of policy making from the Historical and Cultural Villages system to the Traditional Villages system.It argues that the mass recognition of Traditional Villages in China since 2012 indicates that the understandings of rural heritage have evolved from the distinguished to the diverse,the tangible only to the intangible included,and the material-based to the human-based.Under the rural revitalisation policy,the role of Traditional Villages in social development will be further explored and promoted as‘means of improvement’,looking for the balance between protection and development of rural heritage in the urban-rural dual structure.展开更多
Essentially unknown in the rest of the world and only recently appreciated in China,the globally significant 3000+‘corridor bridges’(langqiao)in China far outnumber the better-known‘covered bridges’found in North ...Essentially unknown in the rest of the world and only recently appreciated in China,the globally significant 3000+‘corridor bridges’(langqiao)in China far outnumber the better-known‘covered bridges’found in North America and Europe.Rivaling or exceeding those in the West in number,age,complexity,and architectural ambition,some of China’s outstanding timber langqiao in the mountains of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces are on the cusp of being inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage cultural sites.Throughout south and central China today there is moreover a resurgence of new timber langqiao being erected using traditional carpentry alongside the unprecedented construction of modern marvels of steel and concrete.Archaeological evidence in 2001 uncovered China’s earliest‘corridor bridge’—thus the oldest known covered bridge in the world—with a length of 42m dating to the Han dynasty 2000 years ago.The Rulong Bridge,which dates to 1625 and is documented as the oldest standing woven arch-beam langqiao,can be visited today in Qingyuan county,southern Zhejiang.Even older langqiao with parallel log beams as the substructure have come to light in neighboring Fujian province,most notably the Zhiqing Bridge in a rural area of Jian’ou city that dates to 1490.China’s bridges,whether with a corridor atop or without,have traditionally not been included under the umbrella of‘vernacular architecture’even as they usually were created by local craftspeople employing the same approaches and practices for dwellings and temples.Just as with these better researched structures,langqiao must be studied not only from the perspective of architecture,but also anthropology,geography,history,and sociology,among other disciplines.Rather than being abandoned as artifacts from the past,China’s langqiao today represent a living tradition that continues serving rural communities as places of passage,spaces for leisure and marketing,sites for worship,and increasingly destinations for tourists in search of nostalgic connections with China’s past.The research presented in this article draws heavily from the authors’China’s Covered Bridges:Architecture over Water,a comprehensive book published in late 2019 in Shanghai and London by Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press that will be distributed in 2020 by the University of Hawai’i Press.Despite the scope of this book,the complexity of China’s langqiao remains understudied.展开更多
Tibetan architecture is largely associated with the impressive monastic buildings scattered over the Tibetan Plateau and the adjoining mountain ranges.While these buildings have long attracted the interest from travel...Tibetan architecture is largely associated with the impressive monastic buildings scattered over the Tibetan Plateau and the adjoining mountain ranges.While these buildings have long attracted the interest from travellers and researches,the rural vernacular architecture has been grossly neglected.Accounting for more than 90 percent of the cultural heritage vernacular farmhouses incorporate an immeasurable wealth of traditional knowledge and local craftsmanship that is increasingly threatened by the impacts of modernisation.The article draws on a research project on vernacular architecture in the Tibetan cultural region and presents four examples of rural houses in former Kham,that is nowadays spread across Sichuan,Qinghai,Yunnan provinces and the Xizang(Tibet)Autonomous Region.The examples show a surprising diversity in terms of style,size,layout,building materials and structural systems that are perfectly adapted to local climatic and topographic conditions as well as the resources available in a particular environment.As examples for this diversity the article presents a rammed earth building in Chatreng,a house in stone masonry from Dabpa,a house in Pome built with timber log walls,and a house from Gyalrong with a mixed stone/timber construction.The richness of vernacular farmhouse architecture in Kham deserves special recognition and support on various levels.展开更多
This intervention examines the extant literature on historical imaginaries and historic urban branding in China.It suggests that while research in this field has increasingly moved away from an economic(or an implicit...This intervention examines the extant literature on historical imaginaries and historic urban branding in China.It suggests that while research in this field has increasingly moved away from an economic(or an implicit neo-Marxist)model,there is still a lack of research on the role of broader cultural and state led discourses of nationalism in the construction of historic urban imaginaries and historic urban branding within Chinese cities.In unpacking one nationalistic discourse a-narrative of rejuvenation-this article argues that more needs to be done to examine the role of these themes in the construction of historical imaginaries at the level of the local state(including related state networks of developers,retailers,tourist officials,town planners,architects,and designers).It is suggested that an analysis of these discourses and imaginaries is important if we are:1)to appreciate the role of these themes in the construction and/or the reconfiguration of existing or emerging historic brands within Chinese cities;2)to comprehend the construction of'authorised heritage discourses,(AHDs)practices and materialities at the level of the local state;3)to understand the politics of the past(including the uses of history,memory,nostalgia,and heritage)at the level of the local state;4)to be aware of the way in which these themes inform the preservation,conservation,and/or the demolition of heritage space at the level of the local state;5)to recognise the manufacture of'heritage'or simulacrascapes within Chinese cities.展开更多
The design of metro stations constitutes a clear example of the new core role of culture in a city such as Shanghai that remains to be assessed from a critical heritage perspective.As an unexplored dimension of a mass...The design of metro stations constitutes a clear example of the new core role of culture in a city such as Shanghai that remains to be assessed from a critical heritage perspective.As an unexplored dimension of a massive heritage institutional apparatus,metro stations act as‘white canvases’where commercial,political and cultural messages are displayed.These messages contribute to city branding while simultaneously influencing the perception and interpretation of the historic urban landscape above ground.This research offers insights into the subway stations located in the listed heritage areas of Shanghai and the architectural,artistic and exhibitive resources that‘give character’to these stations.The research applies visual methods and discursive analysis based on direct observation of these‘characteristic’elements in metro stations.The paper establishes the argument that the amount and distribution of these characteristic elements in the metro network offers unequal representation of the importance of the heritage areas above.When represented,we argue that such features convey renewed narratives of urban identity according to an authorised heritage discourse in Shanghai.These narratives cater to an image of ideal,harmonious continuity between the past and the future that aims to characterise Shanghai as a Chinese global metropolis.展开更多
Jeff Cody and Francesco Siravo have captured the crisis confronting historic cities and issued a call to action in Historic Cities:Issues of Urban Conservation.The book consolidates thinking about,investigations into ...Jeff Cody and Francesco Siravo have captured the crisis confronting historic cities and issued a call to action in Historic Cities:Issues of Urban Conservation.The book consolidates thinking about,investigations into and ac-tions taken that embarks us on a journey to educate us about and rescue historic cities for the value they repre-sent to us now and into the future.The world is now URBAN and as much as the Development Set still ro-manticizes rural development at the expense of urban areas,it is cities—all sizes and kinds of cities—that are the future.展开更多
Many studies on Lijiang Old Town,the World Heritage Site in China,criticise the negative impact that the rapid tourism development caused on its‘outstanding universal value’.However,tourism is a very important drivi...Many studies on Lijiang Old Town,the World Heritage Site in China,criticise the negative impact that the rapid tourism development caused on its‘outstanding universal value’.However,tourism is a very important driving force for the local development of heritage sites in poverty areas of developing countries.So how to balance the relationship between‘heritage’,‘community’and‘tourism’is an important issue for human-inhabited World Heritage Sites in developing countries.The paper takes Lijiang as a case,introducing the huge changes of the‘heritage’and‘community’with the rapid tourism development since it was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1997.It points out that since 2002,according to the social and economic development status then,Lijiang has redefined its general goals to protect its authenticity and integrity as a World Heritage Site,to improve the living condition,to guarantee the interests of local people,and to enhance harmonious social development.A series of public policies have been designed and implemented to integrate heritage conservation with local development.Based on data analysis,field investigation and questionnaire survey,the paper analyses this intervention process and the experience and lessons of it,providing certain reference for the conservation and sustainable development of human-inhabited World Heritage Sites.展开更多
Non-destructive tests have been increasingly used in historic buildings not only for pre-restoration investigation but also as useful tools to evaluate the effectiveness of eventual interventions.These tests can compl...Non-destructive tests have been increasingly used in historic buildings not only for pre-restoration investigation but also as useful tools to evaluate the effectiveness of eventual interventions.These tests can complement and supplement destructive tests like laboratory analysis of extracted samples as long as a sound sampling plan has been put in place to commensurate with the pattern and extent of dilapidation and materials distribution.Common methods employed in projects in Singapore and Malaysia include the infrared thermography,ground penetrating radar,microwave moisture tomography and ultrasonic pulse echo tomography.The paper discusses about a selection of case studies,demonstrating the application of various techniques for the identification of hidden details,defects and deterioration,and moisture detection.展开更多
Worldwide interest in the cultural landscape concept-covering rural and urban spheres-is now a major theme in considerations of the management of cultural heritage places.The roots of this interconnection lie in the s...Worldwide interest in the cultural landscape concept-covering rural and urban spheres-is now a major theme in considerations of the management of cultural heritage places.The roots of this interconnection lie in the social,political and economic relationships between people and landscape which,in turn,is related to how human attachment to landscape plays a major role in determining our sense of place.Notably the fundamental actuality of place attachment through landscape is cross cultural.Epistemologically it crosses the boundaries of differing values across diverse cultures underscoring the fundamental cross cultural significance of landscape.Coincidentally the phenomenon of the‘rise of cultural landscapes’(Jacques 1995)has been intimately interconnected with the way in which thinking has changed-philosophically and professionally-on what heritage is.There is in effect a clear link between heritage and landscape.It is in this context that this paper addresses challenges of thinking and acting associated with China’s commitment to a rural revitalisation program.展开更多
Over the last two decades,people have realised the importance of conserving and managing cultural heritage,as heritage tourism has risen to unprecedented levels in the context of globalisation,especially in the develo...Over the last two decades,people have realised the importance of conserving and managing cultural heritage,as heritage tourism has risen to unprecedented levels in the context of globalisation,especially in the developing world and less developed regions(Timothy and Nyaupane 2009).Indeed,these heritage landscape attractions have successfully brought income to some poor areas,while at the same time,much of this superfcial tourism has caused irreversible destruction in local historic built environments,which have been reduced to places in which standardised products and services are marketed.Trough a series of IASTE conferences(International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments),questions about the impact of tourism on heritage and how to use traditional cultures to motivate the regeneration of built environments were discussed from diferent perspectives.Tese academic discussions have shown that there is an increasing demand for built heritage,which ensures the preservation of local cultural traditions and requires a new understanding of the role of cultural heritage in preventing the homogeneity of modern tourism from erasing all that is particular(AlSayyad 2001).展开更多
From the 1950s to the 1990s,China underwent a significant transformation of its political system and economy,from socialism to rapid development after the reform and opening up.In the 1980s and 1990s,to meet the deman...From the 1950s to the 1990s,China underwent a significant transformation of its political system and economy,from socialism to rapid development after the reform and opening up.In the 1980s and 1990s,to meet the demand for housing and urban modernization under the rapid growth of cities,almost all Chinese cities underwent large-scale urban construction,transformation and expansion.With this background of rapid advancement,many cities have lost their traditional urban features and characteristics.However,it was during this period that Hangzhou not only restored the historical scenery of West Lake through multiple projects but also explored overall planning of the city and introduced conservation ideas,making West Lake,which was originally located outside the city,part of the city.This period also shaped the contemporary urban characteristics of Hangzhou with traditional landscape features.To explore Hangzhou’s positive experience and determine the critical junctures and influencing factors,this study observed the entire historical process using morphological methods.Based on a summary of the characteristics of each development stage,this study further focuses on the key issue of how conservation ideas are gradually introduced into urban planning and affect the development process.展开更多
Over the last 25 years the conservation of 20^(th)-century heritage has developed into a distinct area of practice, catalysed by the efforts of dedicated international and local interest groups and the forward thinkin...Over the last 25 years the conservation of 20^(th)-century heritage has developed into a distinct area of practice, catalysed by the efforts of dedicated international and local interest groups and the forward thinking of a number of government and inter-government organisations who identified, protected and developed approaches to its care. Much has been achieved, but more work is needed to address many of the distinct challenges to conserving the heritage of the 20^(th) century. In 2011, the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) launched its Conserving Modern Architecture Initiative (CMAI), which seeks to respond to the outstanding current challenges and contribute to advancing practice in this emerging area of conservation. It began with a survey of the field to identify where existing efforts could be best supported and enhanced, or where knowledge gaps could be potentially filled. In response the GCI built a comprehensive program to meet these identified needs and five years later, a number of activities and projects are underway. These include a series of publications, a training program, historical and technical research and two field projects at Louis Kahn’s Salk Biological Institute (1965) and the house of Ray and Charles Eames (1949), both in California. This paper outlines current GCI efforts, reports on initial outcomes and describes forthcoming activities.展开更多
文摘Built heritage faces increasing pressures and threats from development and change in the contemporary world,a situation that frequently results in compromise or loss of historic fabric and its associated values.This paper examines how Heritage Impact Assessment(HIA)methodology specifically addresses and mitigates threats to built heritage within an overall sustainable development framework.The methodology will be explained and examples will be given from across Asia of HIA applications to the urban and rural built environment to illustrate how this can be achieved.These case studies reflect a variety of ways in which development and heritage come into conflict and have been selected to show how versatile and adaptable HIA can be as a tool for finding balance and solutions.HIA is an approach rooted in a balanced and sustainable relationship between‘the needs of the present and future generations and the legacy from the past’(UNESCO 2011).The paper also illuminates some of the basic assumptions on which HIA functions and some of the contradictions that often arise when the methodology is applied to real world problems.
文摘Shanghai is among the most dynamic global cities of both the 20^(th) and 21^(st) centuries.The city is China’s gateway to the world and its aspirations for the future.With more than 24 million people,40 percent of whom are migrants,it is a global crossroads and one of the most multicultural cities in the world.It has more skyscrapers than New York and a public transport system that overtakes most global cities.Shanghai is a trading city,an entrepot of commodities.It exports electronic information products,automobiles,petrochemicals,fine steel,equipment,and bio-medicine.It has the highest GDP of any city in China’s mainland and has become one of the leading financial sectors in East Asia.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China[project serial number:42001146].
文摘Cultural heritage in Chinese qiaoxiang is constructed where Chinese and foreign cultures gather,connecting overseas Chinese with their country of origin.However,conficts concerning this type of heritage comes out frequently,such as house reconstruction clash,host-guest conficts and destructive competition in heritage tourism.The economic and cultural duality of heritage is perceived as the source of intrinsic contestation in heritage tourism,and conficts related to diferent types of heritage may take on diferent appearances and causes.Extant tourism studies have generalised cultural heritage in Chinese qiaoxiang,neglecting the unique characteristics of the diaspora and their corresponding infuence on heritage protection and utilisation,that makes the reasons for these conficts remain unclear.By answering the basic question of what heritage is,this research proposes an analytical framework to understand the intrinsic contestation of cultural heritage tourism in Chinese qiaoxiang.The paper points out that the contradiction between‘ancestral root culture’and modernity and between fow and stillness is the trigger for intrinsic contestation.The paper also summarises the core issues in conficts that need further discussion by answering the questions of‘what is heritage’,‘whose heritage’and‘how to interpret heritage’.The core issues include heritage selection and identifcation,the commercialisation of‘home’,heritage interpretation and so on.
文摘Tis fne book begins with a speech from French President Emmanuel Macron,who appeals for the returning of Africa cultural heritage from European museums to their places of origin,posing the long-standing question of who owns heritage.Tis is the tip of the iceberg of a broader discussion about the role of museums in critical heritage studies,which suggests to refect on their new defnition,bringing together a number of issues such as culture identity,cultural amnesia,cultural alienation and culture discourses for political goals.Against this backdrop,the fve chapters in this book address the distinction between cultural heritage and cultural property,illustrating diferent rationalities of government mobilising a number of global cases.
文摘This paper analyses the decorative polychrome painting of architectural members(caihua)that has survived in the Hall of Mental Cultivation(Yangxindian)in the Forbidden City,Beijing.Beginning with the Yongzheng emperor,the Hall of Mental Cultivation was the residence and centre of daily governance for Chinese emperors.Combining information gained through on-site surveys and scaled drawings executed during a recent conservation project with evidence from historical records and other sources,this study finds that the remaining decorative polychrome painting can be dated to four different historical phases:the reign of the Jiajing emperor;the late Ming and early Qing dynasties;the reign of the Qianlong emperor;and the late Qing Dynasty and beginning of the Republic of China.It reveals that the designs of decorative polychrome painting on architectural members are closely related to changes in the functions of the buildings and imperial use.As part of an investigative conservation project,the study aims to provide a reliable basis for the conservation and repair work in the next step.
文摘Iran,located in one of the most earthquake-prone regions of the world,has experienced a very large number of destructive earthquakes that brought about considerable loss of human life and economic consequences.The coun‑try possesses a vast number of monumental and vernacular built heritages that are constantly threatened by earth‑quakes.As vernacular techniques for dwellings comply with the needs,comfort,utility,and functionality of people,it is expected that endemic earthquake-resistant techniques make an essential contribution to Iranian vernacular archi‑tecture.The city of Yazd presents a unique and rich vernacular for earthen construction within Iranian architectural heritage,which has resulted in the recognition of the historic fabric of the city as a World Heritage Site since 2017.Considering the importance of exploring diferent local seismic cultures worldwide,this paper introduces an essential part of Iranian local seismic culture by recognising and classifying the vernacular earthquake-resistant techniques used in the earthen architecture of the city of Yazd.The techniques were collected by surveying the historic fabric,using data available in the literature,and interviewing traditional builders and local conservators.Next,the seismic infuence of each technique was evaluated using examples from the performance of adobe constructions during the 2003 Bam earthquake.
文摘Since the 1980s,China has undergone a series of important changes including industrial restructuring,land transfer,and urbanisation.These have given rise to the issue of how to address industrial heritage within many cities.The author’s research team has undertaken a National Social Science’s Major Project(the highest level of Chinese national social science research)titled‘Systematic Research on the Protection of Urban Industrial Heritage in Modern China’.This is the first nationwide and systematic study of industrial heritage in China.This paper provides a brief introduction to the study’s framework and current research achievements,including:(1)the study of industrial modernisation processes,including international perspectives;(2)industrial heritage information acquisition and database setup;(3)estimation of industrial heritage value;(4)studies of the planning and design strategy of industrial heritage reutilisation;and(5)the transition from industrial heritage conservation to the development of a cultural industry.
文摘Heritage Conservation in Postcolonial India.Approaches and Challenges,edited by Manish Chalana and Ashima Krishna,is very rich,and counts thirteenth different con-tributors among urban and architectural conservationists,urban and historic preservation plan-ners,landscape designers and architects,social entrepre-neurs,experts in cultural heritage from universities,social and research institutions.
基金This paper is based on the field study project organised by Centre for Land and Cultural Resources Research of Fudan University in 2018.The project is supported by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China,in which a total of 137 interviews with villagers,social groups and departmental officials were conducted in five provinces,including Anhui,Zhejiang,Fujian,Guizhou and Shanxi.
文摘Since the reform and opening-up policy of 1978,China has established the double-track inventory system of rural heritage preservation to cope with the impact of rapid urbanisation on rural areas.This paper analyses the evolution in the concept of policy making from the Historical and Cultural Villages system to the Traditional Villages system.It argues that the mass recognition of Traditional Villages in China since 2012 indicates that the understandings of rural heritage have evolved from the distinguished to the diverse,the tangible only to the intangible included,and the material-based to the human-based.Under the rural revitalisation policy,the role of Traditional Villages in social development will be further explored and promoted as‘means of improvement’,looking for the balance between protection and development of rural heritage in the urban-rural dual structure.
文摘Essentially unknown in the rest of the world and only recently appreciated in China,the globally significant 3000+‘corridor bridges’(langqiao)in China far outnumber the better-known‘covered bridges’found in North America and Europe.Rivaling or exceeding those in the West in number,age,complexity,and architectural ambition,some of China’s outstanding timber langqiao in the mountains of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces are on the cusp of being inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage cultural sites.Throughout south and central China today there is moreover a resurgence of new timber langqiao being erected using traditional carpentry alongside the unprecedented construction of modern marvels of steel and concrete.Archaeological evidence in 2001 uncovered China’s earliest‘corridor bridge’—thus the oldest known covered bridge in the world—with a length of 42m dating to the Han dynasty 2000 years ago.The Rulong Bridge,which dates to 1625 and is documented as the oldest standing woven arch-beam langqiao,can be visited today in Qingyuan county,southern Zhejiang.Even older langqiao with parallel log beams as the substructure have come to light in neighboring Fujian province,most notably the Zhiqing Bridge in a rural area of Jian’ou city that dates to 1490.China’s bridges,whether with a corridor atop or without,have traditionally not been included under the umbrella of‘vernacular architecture’even as they usually were created by local craftspeople employing the same approaches and practices for dwellings and temples.Just as with these better researched structures,langqiao must be studied not only from the perspective of architecture,but also anthropology,geography,history,and sociology,among other disciplines.Rather than being abandoned as artifacts from the past,China’s langqiao today represent a living tradition that continues serving rural communities as places of passage,spaces for leisure and marketing,sites for worship,and increasingly destinations for tourists in search of nostalgic connections with China’s past.The research presented in this article draws heavily from the authors’China’s Covered Bridges:Architecture over Water,a comprehensive book published in late 2019 in Shanghai and London by Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press that will be distributed in 2020 by the University of Hawai’i Press.Despite the scope of this book,the complexity of China’s langqiao remains understudied.
文摘Tibetan architecture is largely associated with the impressive monastic buildings scattered over the Tibetan Plateau and the adjoining mountain ranges.While these buildings have long attracted the interest from travellers and researches,the rural vernacular architecture has been grossly neglected.Accounting for more than 90 percent of the cultural heritage vernacular farmhouses incorporate an immeasurable wealth of traditional knowledge and local craftsmanship that is increasingly threatened by the impacts of modernisation.The article draws on a research project on vernacular architecture in the Tibetan cultural region and presents four examples of rural houses in former Kham,that is nowadays spread across Sichuan,Qinghai,Yunnan provinces and the Xizang(Tibet)Autonomous Region.The examples show a surprising diversity in terms of style,size,layout,building materials and structural systems that are perfectly adapted to local climatic and topographic conditions as well as the resources available in a particular environment.As examples for this diversity the article presents a rammed earth building in Chatreng,a house in stone masonry from Dabpa,a house in Pome built with timber log walls,and a house from Gyalrong with a mixed stone/timber construction.The richness of vernacular farmhouse architecture in Kham deserves special recognition and support on various levels.
基金The source of funding has been declared in the submission.But to be clear,the source of the funding for this paper is FP7 People:Marie-Curie Actions(295045)small amounts of funding associated with this project have also been provided by the Global Urban Research Unit in the school of Architecture,Planning and Landscape,Newcastle University.
文摘This intervention examines the extant literature on historical imaginaries and historic urban branding in China.It suggests that while research in this field has increasingly moved away from an economic(or an implicit neo-Marxist)model,there is still a lack of research on the role of broader cultural and state led discourses of nationalism in the construction of historic urban imaginaries and historic urban branding within Chinese cities.In unpacking one nationalistic discourse a-narrative of rejuvenation-this article argues that more needs to be done to examine the role of these themes in the construction of historical imaginaries at the level of the local state(including related state networks of developers,retailers,tourist officials,town planners,architects,and designers).It is suggested that an analysis of these discourses and imaginaries is important if we are:1)to appreciate the role of these themes in the construction and/or the reconfiguration of existing or emerging historic brands within Chinese cities;2)to comprehend the construction of'authorised heritage discourses,(AHDs)practices and materialities at the level of the local state;3)to understand the politics of the past(including the uses of history,memory,nostalgia,and heritage)at the level of the local state;4)to be aware of the way in which these themes inform the preservation,conservation,and/or the demolition of heritage space at the level of the local state;5)to recognise the manufacture of'heritage'or simulacrascapes within Chinese cities.
基金The author received funding from the Eastern Scholar Program of the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission.
文摘The design of metro stations constitutes a clear example of the new core role of culture in a city such as Shanghai that remains to be assessed from a critical heritage perspective.As an unexplored dimension of a massive heritage institutional apparatus,metro stations act as‘white canvases’where commercial,political and cultural messages are displayed.These messages contribute to city branding while simultaneously influencing the perception and interpretation of the historic urban landscape above ground.This research offers insights into the subway stations located in the listed heritage areas of Shanghai and the architectural,artistic and exhibitive resources that‘give character’to these stations.The research applies visual methods and discursive analysis based on direct observation of these‘characteristic’elements in metro stations.The paper establishes the argument that the amount and distribution of these characteristic elements in the metro network offers unequal representation of the importance of the heritage areas above.When represented,we argue that such features convey renewed narratives of urban identity according to an authorised heritage discourse in Shanghai.These narratives cater to an image of ideal,harmonious continuity between the past and the future that aims to characterise Shanghai as a Chinese global metropolis.
文摘Jeff Cody and Francesco Siravo have captured the crisis confronting historic cities and issued a call to action in Historic Cities:Issues of Urban Conservation.The book consolidates thinking about,investigations into and ac-tions taken that embarks us on a journey to educate us about and rescue historic cities for the value they repre-sent to us now and into the future.The world is now URBAN and as much as the Development Set still ro-manticizes rural development at the expense of urban areas,it is cities—all sizes and kinds of cities—that are the future.
文摘Many studies on Lijiang Old Town,the World Heritage Site in China,criticise the negative impact that the rapid tourism development caused on its‘outstanding universal value’.However,tourism is a very important driving force for the local development of heritage sites in poverty areas of developing countries.So how to balance the relationship between‘heritage’,‘community’and‘tourism’is an important issue for human-inhabited World Heritage Sites in developing countries.The paper takes Lijiang as a case,introducing the huge changes of the‘heritage’and‘community’with the rapid tourism development since it was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1997.It points out that since 2002,according to the social and economic development status then,Lijiang has redefined its general goals to protect its authenticity and integrity as a World Heritage Site,to improve the living condition,to guarantee the interests of local people,and to enhance harmonious social development.A series of public policies have been designed and implemented to integrate heritage conservation with local development.Based on data analysis,field investigation and questionnaire survey,the paper analyses this intervention process and the experience and lessons of it,providing certain reference for the conservation and sustainable development of human-inhabited World Heritage Sites.
文摘Non-destructive tests have been increasingly used in historic buildings not only for pre-restoration investigation but also as useful tools to evaluate the effectiveness of eventual interventions.These tests can complement and supplement destructive tests like laboratory analysis of extracted samples as long as a sound sampling plan has been put in place to commensurate with the pattern and extent of dilapidation and materials distribution.Common methods employed in projects in Singapore and Malaysia include the infrared thermography,ground penetrating radar,microwave moisture tomography and ultrasonic pulse echo tomography.The paper discusses about a selection of case studies,demonstrating the application of various techniques for the identification of hidden details,defects and deterioration,and moisture detection.
文摘Worldwide interest in the cultural landscape concept-covering rural and urban spheres-is now a major theme in considerations of the management of cultural heritage places.The roots of this interconnection lie in the social,political and economic relationships between people and landscape which,in turn,is related to how human attachment to landscape plays a major role in determining our sense of place.Notably the fundamental actuality of place attachment through landscape is cross cultural.Epistemologically it crosses the boundaries of differing values across diverse cultures underscoring the fundamental cross cultural significance of landscape.Coincidentally the phenomenon of the‘rise of cultural landscapes’(Jacques 1995)has been intimately interconnected with the way in which thinking has changed-philosophically and professionally-on what heritage is.There is in effect a clear link between heritage and landscape.It is in this context that this paper addresses challenges of thinking and acting associated with China’s commitment to a rural revitalisation program.
基金the Chinese National Social Science Funding Project“Visual Image Cluster Analysis and Atlas Composing of the Chinese Nation”(20VMZ008).
文摘Over the last two decades,people have realised the importance of conserving and managing cultural heritage,as heritage tourism has risen to unprecedented levels in the context of globalisation,especially in the developing world and less developed regions(Timothy and Nyaupane 2009).Indeed,these heritage landscape attractions have successfully brought income to some poor areas,while at the same time,much of this superfcial tourism has caused irreversible destruction in local historic built environments,which have been reduced to places in which standardised products and services are marketed.Trough a series of IASTE conferences(International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments),questions about the impact of tourism on heritage and how to use traditional cultures to motivate the regeneration of built environments were discussed from diferent perspectives.Tese academic discussions have shown that there is an increasing demand for built heritage,which ensures the preservation of local cultural traditions and requires a new understanding of the role of cultural heritage in preventing the homogeneity of modern tourism from erasing all that is particular(AlSayyad 2001).
基金This article is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2017YFC0702504)and the‘Korea Foundation for Advanced Studies’/‘Chey Institute for Advanced Studies’.The funding funded the data collection of the study.
文摘From the 1950s to the 1990s,China underwent a significant transformation of its political system and economy,from socialism to rapid development after the reform and opening up.In the 1980s and 1990s,to meet the demand for housing and urban modernization under the rapid growth of cities,almost all Chinese cities underwent large-scale urban construction,transformation and expansion.With this background of rapid advancement,many cities have lost their traditional urban features and characteristics.However,it was during this period that Hangzhou not only restored the historical scenery of West Lake through multiple projects but also explored overall planning of the city and introduced conservation ideas,making West Lake,which was originally located outside the city,part of the city.This period also shaped the contemporary urban characteristics of Hangzhou with traditional landscape features.To explore Hangzhou’s positive experience and determine the critical junctures and influencing factors,this study observed the entire historical process using morphological methods.Based on a summary of the characteristics of each development stage,this study further focuses on the key issue of how conservation ideas are gradually introduced into urban planning and affect the development process.
文摘Over the last 25 years the conservation of 20^(th)-century heritage has developed into a distinct area of practice, catalysed by the efforts of dedicated international and local interest groups and the forward thinking of a number of government and inter-government organisations who identified, protected and developed approaches to its care. Much has been achieved, but more work is needed to address many of the distinct challenges to conserving the heritage of the 20^(th) century. In 2011, the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) launched its Conserving Modern Architecture Initiative (CMAI), which seeks to respond to the outstanding current challenges and contribute to advancing practice in this emerging area of conservation. It began with a survey of the field to identify where existing efforts could be best supported and enhanced, or where knowledge gaps could be potentially filled. In response the GCI built a comprehensive program to meet these identified needs and five years later, a number of activities and projects are underway. These include a series of publications, a training program, historical and technical research and two field projects at Louis Kahn’s Salk Biological Institute (1965) and the house of Ray and Charles Eames (1949), both in California. This paper outlines current GCI efforts, reports on initial outcomes and describes forthcoming activities.
